DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERALIZED DECISION FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVALUATION OF BUSINESS PROCESS AUTOMATION PLATFORMS
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Published
Sep 30, 2025
Radeesh Aponso
Indra Mahakalanda
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1480-2042
Abstract
This study proposes a comprehensive decision framework for evaluating Business Process Automation (BPA) platforms, addressing the complexity of selecting tools that align with diverse organizational needs. The framework combines the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) for refining selection criteria and the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP) for prioritizing them. Expert input from multiple industries ensured the framework’s robustness and applicability. Key findings highlight Security and Compliance as the highest-ranked criteria, followed by Scalability, Reliability, and Usability. The research also emphasizes the importance of Interoperability, Cost-Effectiveness, and Vendor Support. Beyond serving as a methodology for BPA tool evaluation, the framework provides actionable insights that organizations can adopt directly, offering dual utility as both a structured decision-making approach and a practical resource. By systematically addressing criteria weighting and evaluation, this framework ensures improved alignment with strategic objectives and reduced implementation risks, bridging the gap in structured decision-making for BPA tool evaluation.
How to Cite
Aponso, R., & Mahakalanda, I. (2025). DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERALIZED DECISION FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVALUATION OF BUSINESS PROCESS AUTOMATION PLATFORMS. International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v17i2.1312
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Keywords
Decision Support Framework, Fuzzy Delphi Method, Multi Criteria Decision Making, Business Process Automation, Fuzzy AHP
References
Armbrust, M., Fox, A., Griffith, R., Joseph, A.D., Katz, R., Konwinski, A., Lee, G., Patterson, D., Rabkin, A., Stoica, I. & Zaharia, M., (2010). A view of cloud computing. Communications of the ACM, 53(4), 50-58.
Aruldoss, M., Lakshmi, T.M. & Venkatesan, V.P., (2013). A survey on multi criteria decision making methods and its applications. American Journal of Information Systems, 1(1), 31-43.
Avizienis, A., Laprie, J.C., Randell, B. & Landwehr, C. (2004). Basic concepts and taxonomy of dependable and secure computing. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 1(1), 11-33.
Bhola, P. Chronis, A-G., Kotsampopulous, P., & Hatziargyriou, N. (2023). Business model selection for Community Energy Storage: A multi criteria decision making approach, Energies, 16(18), 6753. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186753
Brynjolfsson, E. & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. WW Norton & Company.
Buco, M.J., Chang, R.N., Luan, L.Z., So, E., Tang, C. & Ward, C. (2005). PEM: A framework enabling continual optimization of workflow process executions based upon business value metrics, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC’05) Vol-1, Orlando, FL, (pp. 33-40) vol.2. https://doi.org/10.1109/scc.2005.71.
Bugingo, E., Ndimubenshi, E. L., Kamanga, C. T., Rugema, F. X., Habimana, O., & Batamuliza, J. (2024). Application of AHP in decision-making: case studies and practical implementation. In The Art of Decision Making-Applying AHP in Practice. IntechOpen.
Buyya, R., Broberg, J. & Goscinski, A.M. (Eds.) (2010). Cloud computing: Principles and paradigms. John Wiley & Sons.
Chesbrough, H.W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business Press.
Chen, L., Liu, W., & Zhang, J. (2025). An interval type-2 fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approach for patient bed allocation. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 21019.
Dey, S. & Das, A. (2019). Robotic process automation: assessment of the technology for transformation of business processes. International Journal of Business Process Integration and Management, 9(3), 220-230.
Dibbern, J., Goles, T., Hirschheim, R. & Jayatilaka, B. (2004). Information systems outsourcing: a survey and analysis of the literature. ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems, 35(4), 6-102.
Ding, B., Ferras Hernandez, X. & Agell Jane, N. (2023). Combining lean and agile manufacturing competitive advantages through Industry 4.0 technologies: an integrative approach. Production Planning & Control, 34(5), 442-458.
Ferraiolo, D., Kuhn, D. R., & Chandramouli, R. (2003). Role-based access control. Artech House.
Fishburn, P.C. (1967). Additive utilities with incomplete product sets: Application to priorities and assignments. Operations Research, 15(3), 537-542.
Frey, C.B. & Osborne, M.A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254-280.
Galati, F. & Bigliardi, B. (2019). Industry 4.0: Emerging themes and future research avenues using a text mining approach. Computers in Industry, 109, 100-113.
Galbraith, J.R. (2014). Designing organizations: Strategy, structure, and process at the business unit and enterprise levels. John Wiley & Sons.
Gartner, I. (n.d.) Best Business Process Automation tools reviews 2024 | Gartner peer insights. Available at: https://www.gartner.com/reviews/market/business-process-automation-tools (Accessed: 18 June 2024).
Gartner. (2023). Market guide for hyperautomation service providers. Available at https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/4983531
GlobeNewswire (2020). Business process automation market worth $19.6 billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 12.2%: Report by MarketsandMarketsTM, GlobeNewswire News Room. https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2023/05/10/2665688/0/en/Business-Process-Automation-Market-worth-19-6-billion-by-2026-growing-at-a-CAGR-of-12-2-Report-by-MarketsandMarkets.html
Gnatzy, T., Warth, J., von der Gracht, H., & Darkow, I. L. (2011). Validating an innovative real-time Delphi approach - A methodological comparison between real-time and conventional Delphi studies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(9), 1681-1694.
Hashemi-Pour, C., Lawton, G. & Tucci, L. (2023). What is Business Process Automation (BPA)?: Definition from TechTarget, CIO. https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/business-process-automation
Herlihy, Maurice & Shavit, Nir. (2008). The art of multiprocessor programming. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1145/1146381.1146382.
Herm, L.V., Janiesch, C., Helm, A., Imgrund, F., Hofmann, A. & Winkelmann, A. (2023). A framework for implementing robotic process automation projects. Information Systems and e-Business Management, 21(1), 1-35.
Hevner, A.R., March, S.T., Park, J. & Ram, S. (2004). Design science in information systems research. MIS Quarterly, 28(1), 75-105.
Hsu, C. C., & Sandford, B. A. (2007). The Delphi technique: Making sense of consensus. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 12(1), 10.
Hwang, C.L. & Yoon, K. (2012). Multiple attribute decision making: methods and applications a state-of-the-art survey (Vol. 186). Springer Science & Business Media.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2013). ISO/IEC 27001: 2013: Information Technology--Security Techniques--Information Security Management Systems--Requirements. International Organization for Standardization.
Ishizaka, A. & Labib, A. (2011). Review of the main developments in the analytic hierarchy process. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(11), 14336-14345.
Johnson, J., Pramod, V. K., & Pramod, V. R. (2024). Analytical hierarchy process-based maintenance quality function deployment integrating total quality management with total productive maintenance and its application in dairy industry. International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 46(3), 404-432.
Kahraman, C., Cebeci, U. & Ruan, D. (2004). Multi-attribute comparison of catering service companies using fuzzy AHP: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Production Economics, 87(2), 171-184.
Kaplan, R.S. & Norton, D.P. (2001). The strategy-focused organization: How balanced scorecard companies thrive in the new business environment. Harvard Business Press.
Kaplan, R.S. & Norton, D.P. (2004). Strategy maps: Converting intangible assets into tangible outcomes. Harvard Business Press.
Keeney, R.L. & Raiffa, H. (1993). Decisions with multiple objectives: preferences and value trade-offs. Cambridge University Press.
Kim, S., Yi, S., & Park, S. P. (2025). Prioritizing challenges in AI adoption for the legal domain: A systematic review and expert-driven AHP analysis. PLoS One, 20(6), e0326028.
Kumar, A., Sah, B., Singh, A.R., Deng, Y., He, X., Kumar, P. & Bansal, R.C. (2017). A review of multi criteria decision making (MCDM) towards sustainable renewable energy development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 596-609.
Mallioris, P., Aivazidou, E. & Bechtsis, D. (2024). Predictive maintenance in industry 4.0: A systematic multi-sector mapping, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 50, 80–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2024.02.003.
Nielsen, J. (1994). Usability engineering. Morgan Kaufmann.
Norman, D. (2013). The design of everyday things: Revised and expanded edition. Basic Books.
Okoli, C., & Pawlowski, S. D. (2004). The Delphi method as a research tool: an example, design considerations and applications. Information & Management, 42(1), 15-29.
Osborne, J. W., Costello, A. B., & Kellow, J. T. (2014). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Paperform (2022). 73 automation statistics for 2024, Paperform Blog. https://paperform.co/blog/automation-statistics/
Paré, G., Trudel, M. C., Jaana, M., & Kitsiou, S. (2015). Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews. Information & Management, 52(2), 183-199.
Patterson, D.A. & Hennessy, J.L. (2013). Computer organization and design: the hardware/software interface (the Morgan Kaufmann series in computer architecture and design). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
Peltier, T.R., (2016). Information security policies, procedures, and standards: guidelines for effective information security management. CRC Press.
Peppard, J. & Ward, J. (2016). The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley & Sons.
Raymond, E., (1999). The cathedral and the bazaar. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 12(3), 23-49.
Rodríguez-Álvarez, J. L., García-Alcaraz, J. L., Díaz-Reza, J. R., Navarrete-Molina, C., & Grijalva-Avila, G. (2025). Linguistic fuzzy process capability analysis based on Pythagorean and q-Rung orthopair fuzzy sets. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 18758967251374197.
Rosenberg, M.J. & Foshay, R. (2002). E‐learning: Strategies for delivering knowledge in the digital age. Wiley.
Rossomahin, V. (2025). AI-powered business process automation (BPA) solutions development, In Digital transformation in the economy of the transport complex, (pp. 342–344). https://doi.org10.12737/conferencearticle_678a0d29b52f93.16328567.
Rowe, G., & Wright, G. (1999). The Delphi technique as a forecasting tool: issues and analysis. International Journal of Forecasting, 15(4), 353-375.
Roy, B. (1991). The outranking approach and the foundations of ELECTRE methods. Theory and Decision, 31, 49-73.
Saaty, T.L. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Journal of the Operational Research Society, 41(11), 1073-1076.
Saaty, T.L. (2008). Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. International Journal of Services Sciences, 1(1), 83-98.
Sadeghi, S., Mahmoudi Kamelabad, M., & Kamelnia, H. (2024). Assessing structural performance: A combined qualitative and quantitative approach using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A, 1-10.
Scheer, A.W., Abolhassan, F., Jost, W. & Kirchmer, M. (2004). Business Process Automation. ARIS in practice. Springer.
Schneier, B. (2015). Data and Goliath: The hidden battles to collect your data and control your world. WW Norton & Company.
Seshia, S. A., & Hu, S. (2007). Automatic error recovery for trusted systems. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 56(10), 1363-1373.
Sneader, K. & Singhal, S. (2021) The next normal arrives: Trends that will define 2021-and beyond. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/leadership/the-next-normal-arrives-trends-that-will-define-2021-and-beyond
Solove, D.J. & Schwartz, P.M. (2020). Information privacy law. Aspen Publishing.
Sommerville, I. (2011). Software engineering, 9/E. Pearson Education India.
Stalling, W. (2003). Cryptography and network security. Principles and practices. Prentice Hall.
Taherdoost, H. & Madanchian, M. (2023). Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods and concepts. Encyclopedia, 3(1), 77-87.
Tracy, R.P. (2007). IT security management and business process automation: Challenges, approaches, and rewards. Information Systems Security, 16(2), 114-122.
Trkman, P. (2010). The critical success factors of business process management. International Journal of Information Management, 30(2), 125-134.
Tsai, H.C., Lee, A.S., Lee, H.N., Chen, C.N. and Liu, Y.C. (2020). An application of the fuzzy Delphi method and fuzzy AHP on the discussion of training indicators for the regional competition, Taiwan national skills competition, in the trade of joinery. Sustainability, 12(10), 4290.
Van Laarhoven, P.J. & Pedrycz, W. (1983). A fuzzy extension of Saaty's priority theory. Fuzzy sets and Systems, 11(1-3), 229-241.
Wei, J., Qi, S., Wang, W., Jiang, L., Gao, H., Zhao, F., ... & Wan, A. (2025). Decision-making in the age of AI: A review of theoretical frameworks, computational tools, and human-machine collaboration. Contemporary Mathematics, 6(2), 2089-2112.
Weill, P., Ross, J.W. and IT, G. (2004). How top performers manage IT decision rights for superior results. Harvard Business School Press.
West, J. & Lakhani, K.R. (2008). Getting clear about communities in open innovation1. Industry & Innovation, 2(223), 15.
Wilson, D. (2025). A Comprehensive Review of Network Security Assessment Technologies. Artificial Intelligence and Internet Studies, 1(1), 31-36.
Zhang, H., Chen, S., Wang, C., Deng, Y., Zhang, Y., & Dai, R. (2024). Analysis of factors affecting space teleoperation safety performance based on a hybrid Fuzzy DEMATEL method. Space: Science & Technology, 4, 0140.
Aruldoss, M., Lakshmi, T.M. & Venkatesan, V.P., (2013). A survey on multi criteria decision making methods and its applications. American Journal of Information Systems, 1(1), 31-43.
Avizienis, A., Laprie, J.C., Randell, B. & Landwehr, C. (2004). Basic concepts and taxonomy of dependable and secure computing. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 1(1), 11-33.
Bhola, P. Chronis, A-G., Kotsampopulous, P., & Hatziargyriou, N. (2023). Business model selection for Community Energy Storage: A multi criteria decision making approach, Energies, 16(18), 6753. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186753
Brynjolfsson, E. & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. WW Norton & Company.
Buco, M.J., Chang, R.N., Luan, L.Z., So, E., Tang, C. & Ward, C. (2005). PEM: A framework enabling continual optimization of workflow process executions based upon business value metrics, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC’05) Vol-1, Orlando, FL, (pp. 33-40) vol.2. https://doi.org/10.1109/scc.2005.71.
Bugingo, E., Ndimubenshi, E. L., Kamanga, C. T., Rugema, F. X., Habimana, O., & Batamuliza, J. (2024). Application of AHP in decision-making: case studies and practical implementation. In The Art of Decision Making-Applying AHP in Practice. IntechOpen.
Buyya, R., Broberg, J. & Goscinski, A.M. (Eds.) (2010). Cloud computing: Principles and paradigms. John Wiley & Sons.
Chesbrough, H.W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business Press.
Chen, L., Liu, W., & Zhang, J. (2025). An interval type-2 fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approach for patient bed allocation. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 21019.
Dey, S. & Das, A. (2019). Robotic process automation: assessment of the technology for transformation of business processes. International Journal of Business Process Integration and Management, 9(3), 220-230.
Dibbern, J., Goles, T., Hirschheim, R. & Jayatilaka, B. (2004). Information systems outsourcing: a survey and analysis of the literature. ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems, 35(4), 6-102.
Ding, B., Ferras Hernandez, X. & Agell Jane, N. (2023). Combining lean and agile manufacturing competitive advantages through Industry 4.0 technologies: an integrative approach. Production Planning & Control, 34(5), 442-458.
Ferraiolo, D., Kuhn, D. R., & Chandramouli, R. (2003). Role-based access control. Artech House.
Fishburn, P.C. (1967). Additive utilities with incomplete product sets: Application to priorities and assignments. Operations Research, 15(3), 537-542.
Frey, C.B. & Osborne, M.A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254-280.
Galati, F. & Bigliardi, B. (2019). Industry 4.0: Emerging themes and future research avenues using a text mining approach. Computers in Industry, 109, 100-113.
Galbraith, J.R. (2014). Designing organizations: Strategy, structure, and process at the business unit and enterprise levels. John Wiley & Sons.
Gartner, I. (n.d.) Best Business Process Automation tools reviews 2024 | Gartner peer insights. Available at: https://www.gartner.com/reviews/market/business-process-automation-tools (Accessed: 18 June 2024).
Gartner. (2023). Market guide for hyperautomation service providers. Available at https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/4983531
GlobeNewswire (2020). Business process automation market worth $19.6 billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 12.2%: Report by MarketsandMarketsTM, GlobeNewswire News Room. https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2023/05/10/2665688/0/en/Business-Process-Automation-Market-worth-19-6-billion-by-2026-growing-at-a-CAGR-of-12-2-Report-by-MarketsandMarkets.html
Gnatzy, T., Warth, J., von der Gracht, H., & Darkow, I. L. (2011). Validating an innovative real-time Delphi approach - A methodological comparison between real-time and conventional Delphi studies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(9), 1681-1694.
Hashemi-Pour, C., Lawton, G. & Tucci, L. (2023). What is Business Process Automation (BPA)?: Definition from TechTarget, CIO. https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/business-process-automation
Herlihy, Maurice & Shavit, Nir. (2008). The art of multiprocessor programming. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1145/1146381.1146382.
Herm, L.V., Janiesch, C., Helm, A., Imgrund, F., Hofmann, A. & Winkelmann, A. (2023). A framework for implementing robotic process automation projects. Information Systems and e-Business Management, 21(1), 1-35.
Hevner, A.R., March, S.T., Park, J. & Ram, S. (2004). Design science in information systems research. MIS Quarterly, 28(1), 75-105.
Hsu, C. C., & Sandford, B. A. (2007). The Delphi technique: Making sense of consensus. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 12(1), 10.
Hwang, C.L. & Yoon, K. (2012). Multiple attribute decision making: methods and applications a state-of-the-art survey (Vol. 186). Springer Science & Business Media.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2013). ISO/IEC 27001: 2013: Information Technology--Security Techniques--Information Security Management Systems--Requirements. International Organization for Standardization.
Ishizaka, A. & Labib, A. (2011). Review of the main developments in the analytic hierarchy process. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(11), 14336-14345.
Johnson, J., Pramod, V. K., & Pramod, V. R. (2024). Analytical hierarchy process-based maintenance quality function deployment integrating total quality management with total productive maintenance and its application in dairy industry. International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 46(3), 404-432.
Kahraman, C., Cebeci, U. & Ruan, D. (2004). Multi-attribute comparison of catering service companies using fuzzy AHP: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Production Economics, 87(2), 171-184.
Kaplan, R.S. & Norton, D.P. (2001). The strategy-focused organization: How balanced scorecard companies thrive in the new business environment. Harvard Business Press.
Kaplan, R.S. & Norton, D.P. (2004). Strategy maps: Converting intangible assets into tangible outcomes. Harvard Business Press.
Keeney, R.L. & Raiffa, H. (1993). Decisions with multiple objectives: preferences and value trade-offs. Cambridge University Press.
Kim, S., Yi, S., & Park, S. P. (2025). Prioritizing challenges in AI adoption for the legal domain: A systematic review and expert-driven AHP analysis. PLoS One, 20(6), e0326028.
Kumar, A., Sah, B., Singh, A.R., Deng, Y., He, X., Kumar, P. & Bansal, R.C. (2017). A review of multi criteria decision making (MCDM) towards sustainable renewable energy development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 596-609.
Mallioris, P., Aivazidou, E. & Bechtsis, D. (2024). Predictive maintenance in industry 4.0: A systematic multi-sector mapping, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 50, 80–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2024.02.003.
Nielsen, J. (1994). Usability engineering. Morgan Kaufmann.
Norman, D. (2013). The design of everyday things: Revised and expanded edition. Basic Books.
Okoli, C., & Pawlowski, S. D. (2004). The Delphi method as a research tool: an example, design considerations and applications. Information & Management, 42(1), 15-29.
Osborne, J. W., Costello, A. B., & Kellow, J. T. (2014). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Paperform (2022). 73 automation statistics for 2024, Paperform Blog. https://paperform.co/blog/automation-statistics/
Paré, G., Trudel, M. C., Jaana, M., & Kitsiou, S. (2015). Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews. Information & Management, 52(2), 183-199.
Patterson, D.A. & Hennessy, J.L. (2013). Computer organization and design: the hardware/software interface (the Morgan Kaufmann series in computer architecture and design). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
Peltier, T.R., (2016). Information security policies, procedures, and standards: guidelines for effective information security management. CRC Press.
Peppard, J. & Ward, J. (2016). The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley & Sons.
Raymond, E., (1999). The cathedral and the bazaar. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 12(3), 23-49.
Rodríguez-Álvarez, J. L., García-Alcaraz, J. L., Díaz-Reza, J. R., Navarrete-Molina, C., & Grijalva-Avila, G. (2025). Linguistic fuzzy process capability analysis based on Pythagorean and q-Rung orthopair fuzzy sets. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 18758967251374197.
Rosenberg, M.J. & Foshay, R. (2002). E‐learning: Strategies for delivering knowledge in the digital age. Wiley.
Rossomahin, V. (2025). AI-powered business process automation (BPA) solutions development, In Digital transformation in the economy of the transport complex, (pp. 342–344). https://doi.org10.12737/conferencearticle_678a0d29b52f93.16328567.
Rowe, G., & Wright, G. (1999). The Delphi technique as a forecasting tool: issues and analysis. International Journal of Forecasting, 15(4), 353-375.
Roy, B. (1991). The outranking approach and the foundations of ELECTRE methods. Theory and Decision, 31, 49-73.
Saaty, T.L. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Journal of the Operational Research Society, 41(11), 1073-1076.
Saaty, T.L. (2008). Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. International Journal of Services Sciences, 1(1), 83-98.
Sadeghi, S., Mahmoudi Kamelabad, M., & Kamelnia, H. (2024). Assessing structural performance: A combined qualitative and quantitative approach using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A, 1-10.
Scheer, A.W., Abolhassan, F., Jost, W. & Kirchmer, M. (2004). Business Process Automation. ARIS in practice. Springer.
Schneier, B. (2015). Data and Goliath: The hidden battles to collect your data and control your world. WW Norton & Company.
Seshia, S. A., & Hu, S. (2007). Automatic error recovery for trusted systems. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 56(10), 1363-1373.
Sneader, K. & Singhal, S. (2021) The next normal arrives: Trends that will define 2021-and beyond. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/leadership/the-next-normal-arrives-trends-that-will-define-2021-and-beyond
Solove, D.J. & Schwartz, P.M. (2020). Information privacy law. Aspen Publishing.
Sommerville, I. (2011). Software engineering, 9/E. Pearson Education India.
Stalling, W. (2003). Cryptography and network security. Principles and practices. Prentice Hall.
Taherdoost, H. & Madanchian, M. (2023). Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods and concepts. Encyclopedia, 3(1), 77-87.
Tracy, R.P. (2007). IT security management and business process automation: Challenges, approaches, and rewards. Information Systems Security, 16(2), 114-122.
Trkman, P. (2010). The critical success factors of business process management. International Journal of Information Management, 30(2), 125-134.
Tsai, H.C., Lee, A.S., Lee, H.N., Chen, C.N. and Liu, Y.C. (2020). An application of the fuzzy Delphi method and fuzzy AHP on the discussion of training indicators for the regional competition, Taiwan national skills competition, in the trade of joinery. Sustainability, 12(10), 4290.
Van Laarhoven, P.J. & Pedrycz, W. (1983). A fuzzy extension of Saaty's priority theory. Fuzzy sets and Systems, 11(1-3), 229-241.
Wei, J., Qi, S., Wang, W., Jiang, L., Gao, H., Zhao, F., ... & Wan, A. (2025). Decision-making in the age of AI: A review of theoretical frameworks, computational tools, and human-machine collaboration. Contemporary Mathematics, 6(2), 2089-2112.
Weill, P., Ross, J.W. and IT, G. (2004). How top performers manage IT decision rights for superior results. Harvard Business School Press.
West, J. & Lakhani, K.R. (2008). Getting clear about communities in open innovation1. Industry & Innovation, 2(223), 15.
Wilson, D. (2025). A Comprehensive Review of Network Security Assessment Technologies. Artificial Intelligence and Internet Studies, 1(1), 31-36.
Zhang, H., Chen, S., Wang, C., Deng, Y., Zhang, Y., & Dai, R. (2024). Analysis of factors affecting space teleoperation safety performance based on a hybrid Fuzzy DEMATEL method. Space: Science & Technology, 4, 0140.
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